Methionine is the primary restrictive amino acid in the production of broilers. The methionine is unstable to strong acid and is destroyed in the gastric juice because of methyl loss, but the coated methionine can reduce the influence of gastric juice on the methionine. There are many reports on methionine requirements[1], methionine metabolism[2] and methionine replacement[3] of different animals, but few on the coated methionine in broiler feeds. Therefore, through adding different levels of coated methionine into broiler feeds, the influences of coasted methionine on the growth performance, blood biochemical indices and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in broilers were studied and the optimal additive amount was discussed so as to provide reference for the application coated methionine in the broiler feeds.
1 Materials and methods
1.1 Tested materials and tested animals
1.1.1 Tested materials. Coated methionine and the methionine amount was 50% (Hangzhou Kangdequan Feed Co., Ltd.).
1.1.2 Tested animals. A total of 3 780 healthy Cobb 500 broilers aged 18 days.
1.2 Fundamental feed. A total of 500 healthy Cobb broilers aged 1 day feed on many vitamins until the 16th day. On the 18th day, broilers feed on fundamental feed. The experiment used mice and dregs of beans as fundamental feed. In reference to the nutritional demand of broilers in NRC (1994), Chinese broiler feed standard (2004) and the China feed component and nutritional value table (2005), the component of fundamental feed and nutritional level was shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the fundamental diet (air-dry basis)
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)
|
Ingredients
|
Content //%
|
Nutrient levels
|
Amount
|
|
|
CP
|
18.50
|
|
|
66.04
|
EE
|
6.17
|
|
Soybean meal
|
22.45
|
Ash
|
4.55
|
|
Corn DDGS
|
3.00
|
CF
|
2.17
|
|
Corn oil
|
2.50
|
ME/(MJ/kg)
|
12.58
|
|
Corn gluten meal
|
2.36
|
Ca
|
0.74
|
|
CaHPO4
|
1.02
|
AP
|
0.29
|
|
Limestone
|
0.96
|
NaCl
|
0.41
|
|
Lys
|
0.42
|
DLys
|
0.91
|
|
NaCl
|
0.29
|
DMet
|
0.42
|
|
L-Thr
|
0.16
|
DMet+DCys
|
0.66
|
|
DL-Met
|
0.16
|
|
|
|
|
Choline chloride
|
0.06
|
|
|
|
|
Betaine
|
0.05
|
|
|
|
|
Composite enzyme
|
0.03
|
|
|
|
|
Premix
|
0.50
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
100.00
|
|
|
|
Note: The premix provides the following per kg of the diet：VA 10 000 IU，VD3 2 750 IU，VE 20 IU，VK3 2 mg，VB1 1.5 mg，VB2 6 mg, pantothenic acid 12 mg, niacin 20 mg，VB6 2.5 mg，VB12 2.03 mg，Mn 75 mg，Zn(as zinc sulfate) 75 mg，Fe(as ferrous sulfate)95 mg，Cu(as copper sulfate)10 mg，I 0.6 mg，and Se 0.3 mg.
1.3 Experiment design and feed management
1.3.1 Experimental design. A total of 3 780 Cobb 500 broilers aged 18 days were randomly arranged into 7 groups with 3 replicates per group and 180 broilers per replicate. Control group (A) received the basal diet supplemented with 0.16% DL-methionine. Group B replaced the methionine in the fundamental feed with same amount of coated methionine. Group C, D, E, F and G replaced 90%, 80%, 70%, 60% and 50% of methionine with same amount of coated methionine in the basal feed. In other words, trial groups (B, C, D, E, F, G) received the basal diets supplemented with 0.32%, 0.29%, 0.26%, 0.22%, 0.19% and 0.16% of coated methionine. The experiment lasted for 25 d.
1.3.2 Feed management. The experiment was carried out in the poultry farm in Shenyang Agricultural University. Before the experiment, the surrounding environment, henhouse and utensils were sterilized. Broilers were raised in three-layer cages and there were three broilers in each layer. Broilers collected food and drank water freely. The cage was in place with natural wind and all day long sunshine. The feed management and immunity proceeded according to normal procedure.
1.4 Determined indicators and methods
1.4.1 Determination of growth property. Since the 18th day, broilers began to feed on corresponding food till the 42nd day when the experiment ended. Every day, the performance of broilers, digest amount and mortality were recorded. The average daily weight, average daily food injection amount, food to grain ratio and mortality were calculated.
1.4.2 Determination of blood indices. 210 broilers aged 42nd day were arranged into groups with 10 replicates per group. 10 ml blood was collected in the anticoagulant tube with heparin for centrifugation at 4 ℃ (3 000 r/min, 15 min). The reagent box was bought from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. The amount of plasma urea nitrogen, glucose, total protein and malonaldehyde in blood, the activity and anti-oxidant capability of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase were measured.
1.4.3 Determination of nutrient apparent ileal digestibility of amino acid. Taking TiO2 as foreign indicators, broilers aged 41days started to feed on food with TiO2 from 11:00. After 30 h, at 17:00, the broilers aged 42 days had no food. Then at 05:00, the broilers ate feed with TiO2 again. After 4 h, broilers were killed and the food in their stomachs was taken out. Each time ten chicken were taken out. We opened the chest of broilers, separated the ileal quickly, cut 15 cm of ileal in 1 cm to the ileocecal valve. We pressed the ileal into the stomach and put the chyme into the culture dish to freeze at -20 ℃, and preserved for measurement after evaporation. The content of DM, CP, TiO2 were measured. DM was measured by GB6435-86 method. CP content was measured by semi-micro Kjeldahl determination. TiO2 content was measured by colorimetry method. The composition of amino acid was detected by Zhejiang Silk Sciences Institute. The formula to calculate dry materials, crude protein and ileal digestion rate of each kind of amino acid were as follow.
(ADMD，%)={1-[ (Indicators in the feed/Indicators in the chyme) ×（Dry materials in the chyme/dry materials in the chyme）]}×100;
Apparent ileal digestion rate of crude protein (%)={[crude protein in the feed-（1-ADMD）×crude protein in the chyme]/crude protein in the feed}×100；
Apparent ileal digestion rate of amino acid（%）={[Amino acid in the feed-（1-ADMD）×Amino acid in the chyme]/ Amino acid in the chyme }×100.
1.5 Statistics and process The experiment used SPSS 16.0 software to analyze, One-way ANOVA for variance analysis and Duncan for comparison. The result was expressed by “Mean value ± Standard deviation (X±SD)”.
2 Results and analyses
2.1 Influence of coated methionine in the feed on the growth of broilers. As shown in Table 2, the weight of each experimental group, average daily feed intake and mean daily weight were higher than that of the control group and all the data increased with the addition of methionine additives. Among them, the value in group B and group C was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Experimental group D, E, F and G were insignificantly differed from the control group (P>0.05). The average daily feed intake of group B was 12.1 g higher than that of the control group. The average daily feed intake of group G was 1.5 g higher than that of the control group. The average daily gain of group B was 7.4 g higher than that of the control group. The average daily gain of Group G was 3.8 g higher than that of the control group. The ratio of materials among each group was insignificant (P>0.05). Only the mortality in group B was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05) and that in other groups was insignificant (P>0.05).
Table 2 Effects of coated methionine supplementation on growth performance of broilers
|
Groups
|
Initial weight//g
|
Final weight//g
|
ADG//g
|
ADFI//g
|
F/G
|
Mortality//%
|
|
A（CK， Control）
|
501.9±10.7
|
2 217.8±30.3b
|
68.6±0.8b
|
141.6±3.3c
|
2.06±0.06
|
12.41±1.40a
|
|
B（0.32%）
|
515.7±19.1
|
2 414.3±72.5a
|
76.0±3.4a
|
153.7±0.4a
|
2.03±0.09
|
5.56±2.22b
|
|
C（0.29%）
|
505.9±11.6
|
2 392.8±48.3a
|
75.5±1.9a
|
150.5±3.2ab
|
1.99±0.05
|
8.89±0.96ab
|
|
D（0.26%）
|
480.0±10.4
|
2 330.7±67.1ab
|
74.0±3.1ab
|
148.6±1.7abc
|
2.01±0.06
|
10.19±1.16ab
|
|
E（0.22%）
|
491.2±26.0
|
2 339.3±115.9ab
|
73.9±3.6ab
|
144.4±6.7bc
|
1.96±0.18
|
10.19±5.62ab
|
|
F（0.19%）
|
507.2±27.1
|
2 321.7±69.2ab
|
72.6±2.1ab
|
143.5±7.6bc
|
1.98±0.06
|
7.78±0.96ab
|
|
G（0.16%）
|
501.0±14.0
|
2 311.5±106.9ab
|
72.4±4.2ab
|
143.1±2.7bc
|
1.98±0.09
|
7.59±1.95ab
|
Note: In the same column, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05).
2.2 Influence of coated methionine in the feed on the biochemical indicators of broilers. As shown in Table 3, the activity of glutathione in the plasma was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase in group B and group C was higher than that in the group G (P<0.05). As for other biological indicators, the variation among each group was insignificant (P>0.05).
2.3 Influence of coated methionine in the feed on the apparent ileal digestion rate of broilers. As shown in Table 4, with the addition of coated methionine, the apparent ileal digestion rate of dray materials increased, but the value in each group was insignificant (P>0.05). The apparent ileal digestion rate of crude protein in group G was lower than that of the group D (P<0.05) and that among each group was insignificant (P>0.05). The apparent ileal digestion rate of each kind of amino acid was the highest in group B and the lowest in group G. The control group was between the two. The apparent ileal digestion rate of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and histidine was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The apparent ileal digestion rate of each kind of amino acid in other experimental group was either insignificant to the control group (P>0.05) or improved significantly (P<0.05).
Table 3 Effects of coated methionine supplementation on blood biochemical indices in broilers
|
Items
|
Groups
|
|
A（CK， Control）
|
B（0.32%）
|
C（0.29%）
|
D（0.26%）
|
E（0.22%）
|
F（0.19%）
|
G（0.16%）
|
|
UN//mmol/L
|
4.71±1.89
|
3.63±2.09
|
4.59±2.24
|
4.60±3.72
|
5.25±2.31
|
5.34±1.88
|
4.71±1.91
|
|
Glucose//mg/dL
|
247.65±56.97
|
287.01±59.96
|
284.45±66.57
|
289.33±68.75
|
283.76±64.50
|
289.38±73.12
|
257.76±74.02
|
|
Total protein//g/L
|
30.46±4.05
|
31.41±3.10
|
31.82±5.14
|
32.47±2.86
|
29.10±5.76
|
32.09±4.47
|
32.39±3.40
|
|
Albumin//g/L
|
17.99±2.31
|
19.59±3.29
|
20.35±5.06
|
18.02±3.28
|
19.03±4.28
|
17.24±2.40
|
19.11±5.49
|
|
GPT//103 U
|
22.29±6.72
|
18.80±6.21
|
19.20±6.91
|
20.53±7.23
|
23.32±11.28
|
19.68±7.06
|
23.07±3.15
|
|
GOT//103 U
|
159.00±10.85
|
145.99±35.75
|
149.28±32.38
|
150.52±21.30
|
132.81±15.27
|
136.37±23.96
|
145.82±28.00
|
|
AKP//10-2 King unit/ml
|
123.01±64.08
|
103.52±49.62
|
106.58±55.32
|
116.37±40.45
|
120.60±73.82
|
122.12±58.06
|
119.72±39.47
|
|
T-AOC//T-AOC /ml
|
7.86±5.81
|
12.14±7.37
|
15.54±7.30
|
13.08±7.42
|
13.54±7.57
|
14.14±7.24
|
14.28±8.07
|
|
GSH-Px//U/ml
|
1 577.08±478.16b
|
2 156.52±516.95a
|
2 065.53±462.14a
|
2 098.37±658.64a
|
2 063.04±405.27a
|
2 019.13±435.55a
|
1 828.70±374.59ab
|
|
T-SOD//U/ml
|
152.68±20.60ab
|
160.11±32.13a
|
170.83±12.75a
|
149.12±24.92ab
|
156.05±30.55ab
|
152.66±14.66ab
|
125.74±38.73b
|
|
MDA//nmol/ml
|
4.61±1.68
|
3.98±1.31
|
4.14±1.31
|
4.49±1.15
|
4.45±1.68
|
4.47±1.31
|
4.21±1.06
|
Note: In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.
Table 4 Effects of coated methionine supplementation on nutrient apparent ileal digestibility in broilers (air-dry basis) %
|
Items
|
Groups
|
|
A（CK，Control）
|
B（0.32%）
|
C（0.29%）
|
D（0.26%）
|
E（0.22%）
|
F（0.19%）
|
G（0.16%）
|
|
DM
|
54.03±2.43
|
62.85±5.77
|
62.84±5.30
|
58.87±4.73
|
57.82±6.96
|
54.98±7.64
|
54.17±3.12
|
|
CP
|
74.70±2.91ab
|
77.44±4.70ab
|
75.18±6.00ab
|
80.47±3.78a
|
74.63±4.50ab
|
76.22±4.58ab
|
69.46±3.70b
|
|
Asp
|
72.86±3.47a
|
80.85±4.50a
|
77.72±2.64a
|
75.70±2.94a
|
73.97±4.74a
|
71.34±6.52a
|
61.58±8.15b
|
|
Thr
|
61.44±3.96ab
|
71.53±3.49a
|
69.20±4.08a
|
69.45±2.17a
|
67.37±4.37a
|
62.59±7.77ab
|
54.49±8.46b
|
|
Ser
|
68.32±6.07ab
|
77.09±5.07a
|
75.15±4.06a
|
74.13±3.20a
|
70.33±4.37a
|
67.49±8.04ab
|
57.08±9.54b
|
|
Glu
|
79.61±3.90a
|
84.50±4.51a
|
82.05±2.42a
|
81.28±2.49a
|
80.96±3.57a
|
78.19±5.65a
|
69.83±5.86b
|
|
Gly
|
65.80±3.32ab
|
72.34±3.25a
|
69.97±3.94ab
|
67.27±1.54ab
|
65.73±4.64b
|
62.46±7.09bc
|
55.34±6.53c
|
|
Ala
|
76.67±3.71abc
|
81.27±0.97a
|
77.44±7.48abc
|
79.45±2.81ab
|
76.19±4.38abc
|
69.36±6.84bc
|
67.32±7.85c
|
|
Cys
|
61.88±2.27abc
|
70.83±4.04a
|
67.30±3.23ab
|
54.25±5.18cd
|
49.85±6.57d
|
60.30±7.37bc
|
56.26±6.34cd
|
|
Val
|
71.23±3.98a
|
76.92±2.10a
|
74.26±5.02a
|
72.20±3.09a
|
69.84±4.03a
|
67.92±6.96a
|
58.70±8.33b
|
|
Met
|
49.78±8.19b
|
69.66±6.87a
|
64.73±9.35ab
|
64.76±5.56ab
|
55.62±1.71ab
|
58.70±10.56ab
|
47.27±16.19b
|
|
Ile
|
76.33±3.20a
|
80.80±1.25a
|
80.04±4.74a
|
78.33±2.68a
|
76.56±3.04a
|
73.76±5.90ab
|
67.78±6.98b
|
|
Leu
|
83.25±5.40a
|
84.81±1.98a
|
82.43±4.69a
|
84.43±2.34a
|
80.27±3.77a
|
79.45±5.39a
|
71.85±7.40b
|
|
Tyr
|
79.02±4.02abc
|
83.94±3.59a
|
83.49±1.87ab
|
82.90±3.02ab
|
78.37±3.35abc
|
75.91±5.42bc
|
74.66±5.95c
|
|
Phe
|
77.99±4.26ab
|
82.45±2.40a
|
80.78±2.84a
|
80.67±2.31a
|
78.95±3.00ab
|
75.60±5.69ab
|
72.96±5.76b
|
|
Lys
|
83.45±2.72a
|
88.28±1.54a
|
85.71±2.75a
|
84.48±1.15a
|
84.86±2.53a
|
83.30±3.05a
|
75.08±4.99b
|
|
His
|
78.74±3.43a
|
84.20±1.46a
|
80.83±3.87a
|
80.00±1.98a
|
77.60±3.96a
|
78.14±4.65a
|
70.66±6.11b
|
|
Arg
|
84.42±6.20ab
|
88.05±4.59a
|
87.03±1.53a
|
84.08±1.88ab
|
84.03±3.15ab
|
80.69±4.89ab
|
78.94±3.80b
|
|
Pro
|
73.74±4.55
|
78.97±2.62
|
77.27±4.66
|
77.23±1.91
|
69.60±5.40
|
70.84±9.20
|
69.27±5.55
|
|
TAA
|
77.47±3.14ab
|
80.30±3.13a
|
78.37±2.46ab
|
74.46±2.07ab
|
72.61±6.31ab
|
77.13±4.24ab
|
71.07±7.85b
|
3 Conclusions and discussion
3.1 Conclusions
(1) Along with the addition of coated methionine, the growth of broiler improved significantly and the apparent ileal rate of amino acid increased. The influence of coated methionine on the biochemical indicators of broiler was insignificant (except anti-oxidant indicators).
(2) The general outcome of adding 0.19% of coated methionine to replace 60% of non-coated methionine was better than that of the control group. After using coated form, 40% methionine can be saved.
3.2 Discussion
3.2.1 Influence of coated methionine in the feed on the growth of boilers. The added methionine in the experiment was DL-Met, while the additive formed microcapsule around DL-Met. The methionine was unstable to strong acid and would destroy in the gastric juice. However, coat technology would avoid destruction to the gastric juice. The gastric juice would dissolve the coat and release the materials. Because the assimilation of DL-Met largely depended on active transportation and dispersion, the assimilation part was in the small intestine area [4-7], therefore, the rapid assimilation of methionine was influenced by the carrier, releasing coated materials slowly to let the methionine be fully assimilated. Study indicated that the methionine level being higher than NRC standard was more favorable to the growth of animals [8]. Currently, the demand of methionine and TSAA of broiler differed largely [9] because of influences from many factors, such as other nutritional levels in the feed, broiler species, gender, growth stage and environment, etc. Xiao Junfeng et al. [10] thought that when the added DL-Met was around 0.15%, the growth of animal was the optimum. In the experiment, the final weight, mean daily feed intake and mean daily gain were higher than that of the control group to certain degree and all increased with the addition of coated methionine, which indicated that the coat technology saved the use of methionine. To improve the methionine level can significantly increase the broilers weight and improve feed transfusion efficiency [11-12]. Therefore, with the addition of methionine additive, the growth property improved. The experiment used feed in common production practice, and included betaine and choline chloride. Because the additive in the control group and experimental group was consistent, as methyl donor, its influence on metabolism of methionine was consistent. Hence, it can truthfully reflect the economize use of methionine under practical production condition. Besides, the mortality of broiler was high because of bruise and external stimulation. According to the mortality, the death rate in each group was lower than that control group to certain degree. This might because the coat technology increased the exertion of methionine, accumulated feed intake, antioxidant capacity and immunity [13-15] and reduced mortality.
The microcapsule methionine works on other animals. Chi Shuyan et al. [16] studied the cobia fish and found that the microcapsule can help the slow emission of methionine in the intestinal tract and improved the activity of trypsin in the intestinal tract. Tan Fangfang et al. studied the growth of Chinese carp and found that the microcapsule can facilitate the growth of Chinese carp, reduce feed coefficient and improve protein sediment rate. Mao Chenwen[18] studied the mutton sheep and found that the coated methionine can significantly reduce the ratio of meet and sheep, which can stimulate the mean daily gain. Meanwhile, the influence of microcapsule technology on the coated broilers was significant. Li Yajie [19] studied probiotics and found that the microcapsule had different degrees of stimulation on the growth of broilers, immunity and intestinal mucosa.
3.2.2 Influence of coated methionine in the feed on the biochemical indicators of broilers. Qu Mingren et al. studied the experiment of black-bone silky fowl and found that when the methionine was at a low or high level, its the serum urea nitrogen was high, but when the methionine was at the optimal level, its serum urea nitrogen was low. The serum urea nitrogen in the group B was the lowest. In the experiment, except the total protein in group E, the amount of total protein and albumin in each experimental group was higher than that of the control group in certain degree. The increase of total protein and albumin indicated that the liver’s capability to synthesize protein was strengthening and the albumin amount had positive proportion to the liver cell amount. Meanwhile, the protein amount in the serum had positive relevance to the growth of animals, which indicated that the broiler grew fast[21]. The amount of glucose in the plasma in the control group was the lowest. This was because that the blood concentration and animal growth had positive relevance, while the mean daily gain in the control group was the lowest, which was corresponding to this relation.
Both the glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase were important enzymes which involved in the amino acid metabolism in animals’ liver. When the cell was injured or transparency enlarged, lots of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase flew into the blood, which made the activity of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase rose. Because the microcapsule protected histiocyte, especially liver cell, and the methionine metabolite protected liver. The enzyme activity of kaline phosphatase was related to the growth of animals, liver injury and bones. The enzyme activity of kaline phosphatase in each group of blood differed little, which might result from many factors.
In the experiment, besides of the superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in group D, F and G, the general resistance to oxidization, the glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme in each tested group were higher than that of the control group, but the malonaldehyde amount was lower than that of the control group, which indicated that the coated methionine strengthened the resistance to oxidization. This effect was related to the metabolite of methionine and antioxidant capacity of methionine itself. Methionine increased its amount in the broilers through adding the synthesis of cysteine and glutathione. Meanwhile, the metabolite taurine equipped the resistance to oxidization and the activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme reflected the resistance to oxidization. According to different enzyme indicators in serum, after adding coated methionine into the feed, the broiler had stronger anti-oxidization capacity.
3.2.3 Influence of adding coated methionine into the nutritional apparent ileal digest rate in broilers. The terminal ileum method is a kind of biological method to determine the utilization rate of methionine through collecting chyme sample from the terminal ileum. Ravindran et al. studied that ileum method resulted in more accurate methionine utilization rate than manure method. In the animal nutrition, the primary indicator of methionine utilization rate in feed was digestion rate, which was determined by the digestion and assimilation in the alimentary canal. Therefore, the digestible methionine in the feed also was called usable methionine[24].
The dry materials and apparent ileal digestion rate of methionine in group B was the highest and that in group G was the lowest. The control group was in between and with the addition of methionine additives, the apparent ileal digestion rate of crude protein in group D and B was the highest and that in control group was higher than group E and G. The changes were not distinct. The difference of apparent ileal digestion rate in dry material was insignificant. The digestion rate of each component in the feed and their relation determined the digestion rate of dry materials[25]. Therefore, the changes of apparent digestion rate of dry materials and the apparent ileal digestion rate of crude protein was inconsistent. The digestion rate of crude protein was calculated based on the crude protein amount and dry material digestion rate in the feed and was influenced by the balance level of all kinds of amino acid and other factors[25]. Because of this, the changes of apparent ileal digestion rate of crude protein in the experiment were not distinct. The digestion rate of all kinds of amino acid was calculated through the amino acid amount and dry materials digestion rate in the feed and chyme, and the coordination among all kinds of amino acid. Therefore, the apparent ileal digestion rate of all kinds of amino acid and crude protein were inconsistent.
Small intestine is the main arena of methionine metabolism[26]. Coat technology increased the methionine to intestine amount, namely, it can exert the role of methyl donor, which can enlarge the digestion rate of other amino acid and methionine itself. Because the difference of certain methionine additive might influence the digestion rate of other methionines[27-28], the apparent ileal digestion rate of methionine increased along with the addition of amino acid in the feed[29]. In the experiment, with the addition of methionine additives, the percentage of amino acid became more balanced and was more compatible to the ideal protein model. Therefore, the apparent ileal digestion rate of all kinds of amino acid increased. Because of different optimal amino acids, adding methionine to different amino acids indicated that the apparent ileal digestion rate increased. However, the increase range was different. Therefore, different amino acids showed different apparent ileal digestion rate. The apparent ileal digestion rate in the control group was lower than that of each experimental group (except group G), namely the utilization rate of animal amino acid was lower than tat of tested group (except group G.). This might because the uncoated methionine was destroyed by the gastric acid, and it had methyl reaction, lost methionine structure, and involved reduction of methionine which was synthesized by protein. Generally, in practice, the addition of methionine in group F can meet the broilers demand at this level. At this time, 0.19% of coated methionine was replaced by 60% of non-coated methionine in the control group, which saved 40% of methionine. However, the outcome of using methionine in tested group B, C, D and E might be better.
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Received: Accepted: July 6, 2011
Acknowledgement
This work was funded by National Natural Science Fund (31101253).
[1] JAMROZ D,WILICZKIEWICZ A, LEMME A, et al. Effect of increased methionine level on performance and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in ducks[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2009, 93(5): 622–630.
[2] SHOVELLER AK, STOLL B, BALL RO, et al. Nutritional and functional importance of intestinal sulfur amino acid metabolism[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2005, 135: 1609–1612.
[3] BAGHAEI M, ASHAYERIZADEH A, ESLAMI M, et al. Betaine replacement for methionine in diet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens[J]. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2009, 4(9): 1037–1040.
[4] DIBNER JJ, ATWELL CA, IVEY F J. Effect of heat stress on 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid and dl-methionine absorption measured in vitro[J]. Poultry Science, 1992, 71: 1900–1910.
[5] ZHENG LJ, CHEN Y, ZHU H, et al. Comparison of the transport characteristics of D-and L-methionine in a human intestinal epithelial model (Caco-2) and a perfused rat intestinal model[J]. Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11: 1771–1776.
[6] MAENZ DD, ENGELE-SCHAAN CM. Methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid are transported by Na+ dependent and H+-dependent systems in the brush border membrane of the chick intestinal epithelium[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 1996, 126: 529–536.
[7] BRANDSCH M, BRANDSCH C. Intestinal transport of amino acids, peptides and proteins[M]// SOUFFRANT WB, METGES CC. Progress in research on energy and protein metabolism. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2003, 109: 667–680.
[8] AHMED ME, ABBSA TE. Effects of dietary levels of methionion on broiler performance and carcass characteristics[J]. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2011, 10(2): 147–151.
[9] LIU SJ, GUO YM. Research and application progress of broiler methionine[J]. Feed Industry, 1999, 20(1): 14–16. (in Chinese).
[10] XIAO JF, WU SG, ZHANG HJ, et al. Comparison of bio-efficacy of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue to DL-methionine in broiler[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2007, 19(2): 142–147. (in Chinese).
[11] EL BOUSHY AR, POEL AFB, ROODBEEN AE. Broiler response to low-protein diets supplemented with oleandomycin in relation to synthetic methionine and lysine[J]. Feedstuffs, 1979, 51: 20–21.
[12] KORELESKI J. Effect of reduced dietary protein and amino acid levels on the performance of broiler chickens[J]. Feedstuffs, 1979, 51: 39–42.
[13] ZHAO SM. Research status of pig nutrition and immune[J]. Feed Industry, 2000, 21(2): 34–36. (in Chinese).
[14] TSIAGBE VK, COOK ME, HARPER AE, et al. Efficacy of cysteine in replacing methionine in the immune response of broiler chicks[J]. Poultry Science, 1987, 66: 1138–1146.
[15] TSIAGBE VK, COOK ME, HARPER AE, et al. Enhanced immune responses in broiler chicks fed methionine-supplemented diets[J]. Poultry Science, 1987, 66: 1147–1154.
[16] CHI SY, TAN BP, DONG XH, et al. Effect of supplementation microcapsule or crystalline methionine in diets on related enzyme activity of cobia(Rachycentron canadum)[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2011, 18(1): 110–118. (in Chinese).
[17] TAN FF, YE YT, XIAO SY, et al. Effects of microcapsule lysine and methionine supplementation on growth performance of grass crap(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J]. Acta Zoonutrimenta Sinica, 2010, 22(3): 804–810. (in Chinese).
[18] MAO CW. Effects of coated methionine and lysine on nitrogen metabolism and performance in lambs[D]. Beijing: China Agricultural University, 2004: 42–45. (in Chinese).
[19] LI YJ. The prepare of microcapsule of profitable microbe and Astragalus polysaccharide and its effect on growth performance, immune organ index of chicks[D]. Yangling: Northwest A&F University, 2007: 24–46. (in Chinese).
[20] QU MR, LU DX. Effects of different methionine level on N content in serum urea of Taihe black-bone chicks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2005, 41(4): 43–45. (in Chinese).
[21] SONG HB. On nutrition regulation effect of glucose oxidase to broiler growth and its mechanism[D]. Baoding: Agricultural University of Hebei, 2008: 31–32. (in Chinese).
[22] WU XS, YANG FP, WANG JY, et al. Studies on activity of plasma AKP and production performance in meat rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Rabbit Farming, 2000(6): 14–16. (in Chinese).
[23] RAVINDRAN V, HEW LI, RAVINDRAN G. A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredient for poultry[J]. British of Poultry Science, 1999, 40: 266–274.
[24] DIAO QY. Animal amino acid nutrition and feed[M]. Beijing: Chemical Indusstry Press, 2007. (in Chinese).
[25] YANG F. Animal nutrition[M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2004. (in Chinese).
[26] CAROLINE BAUCHART-THEVRET, BARBARA STOLL, DOUGLAS G.BURRIN. Intestinal metabolism of sulfur amino acids[J]. Nutrition Research Reviews, 2009, 22: 175–187.
[27] DILGER RN, BAKER DH. Cystine imbalance and its effect on methionine precursor utilization in chicks[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2008, 86: 1832–1840.
[28] ABDEL-MAKSOUD A,YAN F,CERRATE S, et al. Effect of arginine level and source and level of methionine on performance of broilers 0 to 18 days of age[J]. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2010, 9(1): 14–20.
[29] MOTER V, STEIN HH. Effect of feed intake on endogenous losses and amino acid and energy digestibility by growing pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2004, 82(12): 3518–3525.
About the Author
ZHANG Yong (1972- ), male, P.R. China, doctor, engaging in study on molecular nutrition and feed resources development.